Cell Signalling and Transduction
Which of the following is true about a hydrophilic signaling molecule?

It is a steroid
Its receptor is located in the cytosol of the target cell
Since it can enter the cell, it directly affects some specific cell process
It might trigger a signal cascade that causes some effect in a cell

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
In the signal transduction mechanism known as protein phosphorylation

phosphorylated proteins act with enzymes to trigger the signal cascade
All of these
the signaling molecule binds to a surface receptor
receptor kinases play a key role in triggering the signal cascade

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Two key organizing principles for large multicellular organisms are

prokaryotic cell structure and cell specialization
communication between cells and simple nerve reflexes
simple nerve reflexes and cell specialization
cell specialization and communication between cells

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
The binding of ligands to many G-proteins linked receptors leads to shortlived

increase in the concentration of certain intracellular signaling molecules called second messenger
decrease in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger
decrease in the concentration of certain intracellular signaling molecules called second messenger
increase in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger

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