Cell Signalling and Transduction
In paracrine signaling, the signaling molecules affects only

target cells close to the cell from which it was secreted
both (a) and (b)
target cells distant from its site of synthesis in cells of an endocrine organ
None of these

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Cell signaling can be classified into

two distinct types based on the distance over which the signaling molecules act
None of these
three distinct types based on the signaling molecules
three distinct types based on the distance over which the signaling molecules act

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Nitroglycerin has long been administered to human patients suffering from chronic chest pain (angina). This medication works because it

interferes with chemical cascades that trigger contraction of heart muscle
is broken down into hormones that affect the heart
mimics the action of signal receptors
breaks down into nitric oxide, which increases blood flow to the heart

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
In terms of cell communication, what do bacterial pathogens such as cholera and anthrax have in common?

They destroy the receptors for key signaling molecules
They prevent the production of key signaling molecules
They block the normal functioning of signal transduction mechanisms
They alter the chemical structure of key signaling molecules

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