Cell Signalling and Transduction
In the signal transduction mechanism known as protein phosphorylation

the signaling molecule binds to a surface receptor
phosphorylated proteins act with enzymes to trigger the signal cascade
All of these
receptor kinases play a key role in triggering the signal cascade

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
If a disease of the blood vessels caused the endothelial cells of the vessel to die, what effect would that have on the cellular activities associated with vasodilation?

Nitric oxide would no longer be produced
It would be more difficult to increase blood flow and reduce blood pressure
Smooth muscle cells could not be made to relax
All of these

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Self-phosphorylation is an excellent mechanism for triggering specific catalytic function of the proteins involved in signal cascades because it

None of these
allows hydrophilic signaling molecules to cross the plasma membrane
makes the receptor more likely to capture the signaling, molecule
changes the shape and thus the enzymatic activity of the proteins involved

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Two key organizing principles for large multicellular organisms are

prokaryotic cell structure and cell specialization
cell specialization and communication between cells
simple nerve reflexes and cell specialization
communication between cells and simple nerve reflexes

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
cAMP and cGMP are derived from

ATP and GTP by the actions of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively
None of these
ATP and GTP by the actions of guanylate cyclase and adenylate cyclase respectively
GTP and ATP by the actions of adenylate cyclase and guanylate cyclase respectively

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