Process Equipment and Plant Design
The main purpose of providing stepping on the trays is to

Increase the residence time
Facilitate handling of large flow rate of liquid
Improve the flow condition
Decrease the pressure drop

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Generally, elliptical dished heads

Are manufactured on 2:1 ratio of major to minor axis and is recommended to be used for pressure vessels operating above a pressure of 1.5 MN/m²
All of these
Resist half the pressure rating compared to hemi spherical head provided on the cylindrical shell of the same thickness and diameter
Are approximately as strong as seamless cylindrical shell having the corresponding I.D and O.D

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