Process Equipment and Plant Design
In packed towers provided with pall rings liquid redistributors are positioned at heights of every 6 metres or 5-10 times the column diameter, whichever is less. Maximum size of the pall rings should not exceed __________ of the column diameter.

1/10-1/15th
1/20-1/30th
1/5-1/10th
1/2 to 1/4th

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Overall distillation column efficiency for most of the refinery columns can be given by (for μ = 0.07 - 1.4 cp and relative volatility < 4) (where η = overall column efficiency, % μ = molal average viscosity of feed at average column temperature and pressure, cp Δp = pressure drop per tray, psi)

Η = 0.25 log μ - 1.67
Η = 1.66 - 0.25 log μ
Η = 24.6 (Δp/μ)
Η = 17 - 61.1 log μ

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