Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the shortest centre to centre distance between the adjacent tubes is

Called tube clearance
Called tube pitch
Always less than the diameter of the tube
None of these

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Liquid gradient over a tray can be minimised by

All of these
Decreasing the number of rows of caps through which the liquid flows or by decreasing the velocity of liquid flow past the caps or by reducing the distance along the tray through which the liquid must
Using split flow, radial flow or cascade flow for column diameter large than 4 ft
Providing a higher skirt clearance or a higher weir

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