Microorganisms and Disease
The nature of the poliovirus gives for oral vaccination (satin vaccine) as part of the eradication programme is

formalin-inactivated viruses
heat killed virus
small dosage of wild-type live viruses
live attenuated strains of all three immunological types

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Microorganisms and Disease
What is common in catheters and ventilators?

They are used primarily in neonatal intensive care units
Bacteria responsible for associated infections are usually susceptible to antibiotics
They predispose patients to viral rather than bacterial infections
They bypass important defenses of the body

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Microorganisms and Disease
Which of the following is common in the disease caused by Coryne-bacterium diphtheriae and Bacillus anthracis?

Both organisms cause skin and respiratory tract infections
Diphtheria toxin and edema toxin are ADP ribosylating toxins
The most serious disease symptoms are the direct result of toxin action
Both organisms are gram-positive spore formers

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Microorganisms and Disease
The influenza vaccine is administered each year because

mutations in the viral hemagglutinin may allow the virus to evade the immune response elicited by previous vaccines
None of these
the vaccine is sufficiently toxic to make it necessary to administer only a small amount at any one time
it is a polysaccharide vaccine that does not confer long-term protection

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