Microorganisms and Disease
The nature of the poliovirus gives for oral vaccination (satin vaccine) as part of the eradication programme is

small dosage of wild-type live viruses
formalin-inactivated viruses
live attenuated strains of all three immunological types
heat killed virus

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Microorganisms and Disease
Cholera toxin is an A-B type toxin in which the B portions bind to a receptor on a host cell and the A portion enters the cell to cause

cleavage of rRNA that results in disruption of ribosome function
ADP ribosylation of adenylate cyclase that stops production of cAMP
ADP ribosylation of guanylate cyclase that stimulates production of cGMP
ADP ribosylation of a G protein that locks it into an active form that stimulates adenylate cyclase to make cAMP

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Microorganisms and Disease
The influenza vaccine is administered each year because

None of these
it is a polysaccharide vaccine that does not confer long-term protection
mutations in the viral hemagglutinin may allow the virus to evade the immune response elicited by previous vaccines
the vaccine is sufficiently toxic to make it necessary to administer only a small amount at any one time

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Microorganisms and Disease
Prontosil is

not used as an antibacterial agent
an effective antibacterial when used in animals
an effective antibacterial both in animals as well as in in-vitro cultures
an effective antibacterial when used in in-vitro cultures

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