Microorganisms and Disease
Plastic implants can pose a serious nosocomial infection problem because

infected implants usually have to be surgically removed
phagocytes have trouble engulfing bacteria embedded in a biofilm
phagocytes have trouble moving on the plastic surface
All of these

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Microorganisms and Disease
Type III secretion systems are used to inject "effector" proteins directly into a host cell. Salmonella uses a type III secretion system to help the pathogen to

activate T cells to proliferate and secrete cytokines
secrete LT (heat labile toxin) and ST (heat stable toxin) into the lumen of the intestine
survive within macrophages
survive the acid pH of the stomach

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Microorganisms and Disease
What is common in catheters and ventilators?

They predispose patients to viral rather than bacterial infections
Bacteria responsible for associated infections are usually susceptible to antibiotics
They bypass important defenses of the body
They are used primarily in neonatal intensive care units

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