Estimating and Costing
The excavation exceeding 1.5 m in width and 10 sq.m in plan area with a depth not exceeding 30 cm, is termed as

Cutting
Surface dressing
Surface excavation
Excavation

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Estimating and Costing
In the mid-section formula

The mean depth is the average of depths of two consecutive sections
The volume of the earth work is calculated by multiplying the mid-section area by the distance between the two original sections
The area of mid-sections is calculated by using mean depth
All of these

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Estimating and Costing
The correct Prismoidal formula for volume is

D/6 [first area + last area + 2 ∑ Even area + 4 ∑ odd areas]
D [first area + last area + Ʃ Even area + 2 Ʃ odd areas]
D/3 [first area + last area + 4 Ʃ Even area + 2 Ʃ odd areas]
D/3 [first area + last area + 2 Ʃ Even area + 4 Ʃ odd areas]

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