Surveying
The elevation of the star at elongation is obtained by

sin α = cos φ cosec δ
sin α = sin φ cosec δ
sin α = sin φ sec δ
sin α = cos φ sec δ

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Surveying
Systematic errors

All listed here
Always follow some definite mathematical law
Are also known as cumulative errors
Can be removed by applying corrections to the observed values

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