Surveying
The elevation of the star at elongation is obtained by

sin α = sin φ sec δ
sin α = cos φ sec δ
sin α = cos φ cosec δ
sin α = sin φ cosec δ

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Surveying
Which of the following errors cannot be eliminated by taking both face observations ?

index error i.e. error due to imperfect adjustment of the vertical circle vernier
None of these
error due to non-parallelism of the axis of telescope level and line of collimation
error due to horizontal axis not being perpendicular to the vertical axis

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