Surveying
The latitude of a place was obtained by subtracting the zenith distance of a star from its declination, the observed star was between

Zenith and pole
Pole and horizon
Equator and zenith
Horizon and equator

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Surveying
If the lower clamp screw is tightened and upper clamp screw is loosened, the theodolite may be rotated

on its outer spindle with a relative motion between the vernier and graduated scale of lower plate
on its inner spindle with a relative motion between the vernier and the graduated scale of lower plate
on its inner spindle without a relative motion between the vernier and the graduated scale of lower plate
on its outer spindle without a relative motion between the vernier and gra-duated scale of lower plate

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Surveying
Normal tension is that pull which

makes the correction due to sag equal to zero
makes the correction due to pull equal to zero
neutralizes the effect due to pull and sag
is used at the time of standardising the tape

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