Microbiology of Soils
Nitrifying bacteria can not be isolated directly by the usual techniques employed to isolate hetrotrophic bacteria. The reasons may be due to

fast growth
medium growth
none of these
slow growth

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Microbiology of Soils
Syntrophism involves

exchange of nutrients among species
exchange of nutrients between two species
no exchange of nutrients between two species
no exchange of nutrients among species

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Microbiology of Soils
Denitrification is

reduction of nitrate (NO3-) to nitrogen gas
both (a) and (b)
reduction of nitrate to organic nitrogen compounds
changing of atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to nitrogen compounds

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