Microorganisms and Disease
Mucus helps in protecting against pathogens by

lowering the pH
blocking access and attachment of pathogens to mucosal surfaces
facilitating the growth of normal flora
sequestering Iron

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Microorganisms and Disease
The "A" subunit of diphtheria toxin

forms cAMP that leads to fluid accumulation
lysis macrophages with the release of cytokines
binds host cell receptors found on heart cells
cause ADP ribosylation of a factor involved in protein synthesis

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Microorganisms and Disease
Cholera toxin is an A-B type toxin in which the B portions bind to a receptor on a host cell and the A portion enters the cell to cause

ADP ribosylation of guanylate cyclase that stimulates production of cGMP
ADP ribosylation of a G protein that locks it into an active form that stimulates adenylate cyclase to make cAMP
ADP ribosylation of adenylate cyclase that stops production of cAMP
cleavage of rRNA that results in disruption of ribosome function

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