Microorganisms and Disease
Both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Streptococcus pneumoniae

have polysaccharide capsules
stay in the lung and rarely, if ever, enter the bloodstream
are acquired by inhalation
have cell walls that contain a high content of mycolic acids

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Microorganisms and Disease
Type III secretion systems are used to inject "effector" proteins directly into a host cell. Salmonella uses a type III secretion system to help the pathogen to

activate T cells to proliferate and secrete cytokines
secrete LT (heat labile toxin) and ST (heat stable toxin) into the lumen of the intestine
survive within macrophages
survive the acid pH of the stomach

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Microorganisms and Disease
The influenza vaccine is administered each year because

it is a polysaccharide vaccine that does not confer long-term protection
None of these
the vaccine is sufficiently toxic to make it necessary to administer only a small amount at any one time
mutations in the viral hemagglutinin may allow the virus to evade the immune response elicited by previous vaccines

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Microorganisms and Disease
What is common in catheters and ventilators?

They are used primarily in neonatal intensive care units
They bypass important defenses of the body
Bacteria responsible for associated infections are usually susceptible to antibiotics
They predispose patients to viral rather than bacterial infections

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