Microorganisms and Disease
Both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Streptococcus pneumoniae

stay in the lung and rarely, if ever, enter the bloodstream
have cell walls that contain a high content of mycolic acids
are acquired by inhalation
have polysaccharide capsules

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Microorganisms and Disease
Plastic implants can pose a serious nosocomial infection problem because

All of these
phagocytes have trouble moving on the plastic surface
phagocytes have trouble engulfing bacteria embedded in a biofilm
infected implants usually have to be surgically removed

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Microorganisms and Disease
Cholera toxin is an A-B type toxin in which the B portions bind to a receptor on a host cell and the A portion enters the cell to cause

ADP ribosylation of adenylate cyclase that stops production of cAMP
ADP ribosylation of guanylate cyclase that stimulates production of cGMP
cleavage of rRNA that results in disruption of ribosome function
ADP ribosylation of a G protein that locks it into an active form that stimulates adenylate cyclase to make cAMP

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