Surveying
To avoid large centering error with very short legs, observations are generally made

By using optical system for centering the theodolite
To chain pins
All listed here
To a target fixed on theodolite tripod on which theodolite may be fitted easily

ANSWER DOWNLOAD EXAMIANS APP

Surveying
The meridian of a place is

A great circle passing through the place and the poles
A semi-circle which passes through the place and is terminated at the poles
An arc of the great circle which passes through the place and is perpendicular to the equator
A great circle whose plane is perpendicular to the axis of rotation and it also passes through the place

ANSWER DOWNLOAD EXAMIANS APP

Surveying
The error due to eccentricity of inner and outer axes can be eliminated by

taking mean of several readings distributed over different portions of the graduated circle
reading both verniers and taking the mean of the two
taking both face observations and taking the mean of the two
double sighting

ANSWER DOWNLOAD EXAMIANS APP