Estimating and Costing
The total length of a cranked bar through a distance (d) at 45° in case of a beam of effective length L, is

L - (2 × 0.4 d)
L - (0.42 d)
L + (2 × 0.42 d)
L + 0.42 d

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Estimating and Costing
In the mid-section formula

All of these
The volume of the earth work is calculated by multiplying the mid-section area by the distance between the two original sections
The area of mid-sections is calculated by using mean depth
The mean depth is the average of depths of two consecutive sections

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