RCC Structures Design
The load stress of a section can be reduced by

Replacing smaller bars by greater number of greater bars
Increasing the total perimeter of bars
Replacing larger bars by greater number of small bars
Decreasing the lever arm

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RCC Structures Design
If the length of a combined footing for two columns l meters apart is L and the projection on the left side of the exterior column is x, then the projection y on the right side of the exterior column, in order to have a uniformly distributed load, is (where x̅ is the distance of centre of gravity of column loads).

y = L/2 - (l - x̅)
y = L/2 + (l - x̅)
y = L - (l - x̅)
y = L/2 - (l + x̅)

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RCC Structures Design
If the shear stress in a R.C.C. beam is

Greater than 20 kg/cm², the size of the section is changed
All of these
Equal or less than 5 kg/cm², no shear reinforcement is provided
Greater than 4 kg/cm², but less than 20 kg/cm², shear reinforcement is provided

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