Internal Combustion Engines
The knock in diesel engine occurs due to

Reduction of delay period
Delayed burning of the first part of the charge
Instantaneous auto ignition of last part of charge
Instantaneous and rapid burning of the first part of the charge

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Internal Combustion Engines
In a typical medium speed, 4-stroke cycle diesel engine

Fuel injection starts at top dead center and ends at 20° after top dead center
Fuel injection starts at just before top dead center and ends just after top dead center
May start and end anywhere
Fuel injection starts at 10° before top dead center and ends at 20° after top dead center

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Internal Combustion Engines
The delay period in compression ignition engines depends upon

Temperature and pressure in the cylinder at the time of injection
Nature of the fuel mixture strength
All of these
Relative velocity between the fuel injection and air turbulence pressure of residual gases

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