Airport Engineering
The depressions and undulations in the pavement, are caused due to

Punching effect
All listed here
Improper compaction of sub-grade
Impact of heavy wheel loads

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Airport Engineering
Castor angle is defined as the angle

Formed by the longitudinal axis of the aircraft and the direction of movement of the nose gear
Between the true speed of the aircraft and the crosswind component
Between the horizontal and the fuselage axis
Between the direction of wind and the longitudinal axis of the runway

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