Cell Signalling and Transduction
The binding of ligands to many G-proteins linked receptors leads to shortlived

decrease in the concentration of certain intracellular signaling molecules called second messenger
increase in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger
increase in the concentration of certain intracellular signaling molecules called second messenger
decrease in the concentration of certain extracellular signaling molecules called first messenger

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Two key organizing principles for large multicellular organisms are

cell specialization and communication between cells
simple nerve reflexes and cell specialization
prokaryotic cell structure and cell specialization
communication between cells and simple nerve reflexes

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
In the signal transduction mechanism known as protein phosphorylation

phosphorylated proteins act with enzymes to trigger the signal cascade
the signaling molecule binds to a surface receptor
receptor kinases play a key role in triggering the signal cascade
All of these

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