Recombinant DNA Technology
Plant transformation can be obtained by

infecting plants with a tobacco mosaic virus
using the E. coli bacterium to infect plant roots
shooting DNA into plant cells with a gun
combining plant and animal cells in culture

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Recombinant DNA Technology
Some genetic diseases cannot be diagnosed by changes in restriction sites. Some of these can be detected by allele-specific oligonucleotide probes. These are

short sequences that will hybridize only to a specific base sequence
copies of the gene with an altered sequence so that a restriction site is inserted
PCR-amplified variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTRs)
mutagenized copies of a gene

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Recombinant DNA Technology
A human cDNA library

contains DNA for virtually all of the human proteins in vectors
None of these
cannot be used to obtain human genes because it would be radioactive
contains DNA for specific human proteins

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