Cell Signalling and Transduction
Nitroglycerin has long been administered to human patients suffering from chronic chest pain (angina). This medication works because it

breaks down into nitric oxide, which increases blood flow to the heart
is broken down into hormones that affect the heart
mimics the action of signal receptors
interferes with chemical cascades that trigger contraction of heart muscle

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Self-phosphorylation is an excellent mechanism for triggering specific catalytic function of the proteins involved in signal cascades because it

allows hydrophilic signaling molecules to cross the plasma membrane
changes the shape and thus the enzymatic activity of the proteins involved
None of these
makes the receptor more likely to capture the signaling, molecule

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Cell Signalling and Transduction
Two key organizing principles for large multicellular organisms are

communication between cells and simple nerve reflexes
prokaryotic cell structure and cell specialization
simple nerve reflexes and cell specialization
cell specialization and communication between cells

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