Microorganisms and Disease
Lactoferrin helps to protect against pathogens by

sequestering Iron
lowering the pH
facilitating the growth of normal flora
blocking sebum production

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Microorganisms and Disease
Type III secretion systems are used to inject "effector" proteins directly into a host cell. Salmonella uses a type III secretion system to help the pathogen to

survive the acid pH of the stomach
survive within macrophages
secrete LT (heat labile toxin) and ST (heat stable toxin) into the lumen of the intestine
activate T cells to proliferate and secrete cytokines

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Microorganisms and Disease
Which of the following is common in the disease caused by Coryne-bacterium diphtheriae and Bacillus anthracis?

The most serious disease symptoms are the direct result of toxin action
Both organisms are gram-positive spore formers
Both organisms cause skin and respiratory tract infections
Diphtheria toxin and edema toxin are ADP ribosylating toxins

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