Microorganisms and Disease
Lactoferrin helps to protect against pathogens by

lowering the pH
sequestering Iron
blocking sebum production
facilitating the growth of normal flora

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Microorganisms and Disease
A major difference between EHEC and EPEC is

EPEC passes through the placenta to infect the fetus and EHEC does not
EHEC possesses a type III secretion system and EPEC does not
EPEC rearranges host cell actin and EHEC does not
EHEC secretes a Shiga-like toxin and EPEC does not

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Microorganisms and Disease
Type III secretion systems are used to inject "effector" proteins directly into a host cell. Salmonella uses a type III secretion system to help the pathogen to

survive the acid pH of the stomach
activate T cells to proliferate and secrete cytokines
survive within macrophages
secrete LT (heat labile toxin) and ST (heat stable toxin) into the lumen of the intestine

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Microorganisms and Disease
Which of the following is true regarding anthrax?

Anthrax is caused by a virus
Inhalation anthrax and cutaneous anthrax are caused by separate strains of Bacillus anthracis
Inhalation Anthrax requires infection with a large number of spores
Anthrax is highly contagious

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Microorganisms and Disease
What is common in catheters and ventilators?

They predispose patients to viral rather than bacterial infections
They bypass important defenses of the body
Bacteria responsible for associated infections are usually susceptible to antibiotics
They are used primarily in neonatal intensive care units

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Microorganisms and Disease
The influenza vaccine is administered each year because

it is a polysaccharide vaccine that does not confer long-term protection
the vaccine is sufficiently toxic to make it necessary to administer only a small amount at any one time
mutations in the viral hemagglutinin may allow the virus to evade the immune response elicited by previous vaccines
None of these

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