Process Equipment and Plant Design
In the allocated cap area, bubble caps are generally arranged on equilateral triangular pitch. Number of caps fixed on a plate is with a

Either A or B
Cap pitch of 1.3-2 times the cap diameter
Neither A nor B
Clearance of 25-75 mm

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
In a double pipe (concentric) heat exchanger, the hydraulic radius for heat transfer (for a fluid flowing through the annulus) would be

D₂ - D₁ (D₁ and D₂ are I.D. of inner and outer pipes respectively)
Same as that for fluid flow
Less than that for fluid flow
More than that for fluid flow

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