Mass Transfer
In a moderately sized packed absorption tower, channeling (which is most severe with stacked packings) can be minimised by taking the ratio of tower diameter to packing diameter

< 8 : 1
> 8:1
< 6:1
> 4 :1

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Mass Transfer
Bollman extractor

Is a static bed leaching equipment
Is a centrifugal extractor
Is used for extraction of oil from oilseed
Employs only counter-current extraction

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Mass Transfer
Channelling is most severe

At very high liquid flow rate
In dumped packing of regular units
In towers packed randomly with crushed solids
In towers packed with stacked packing

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Mass Transfer
Plate efficiency

Is a function of the mass transfer between liquid and vapour
Increases due to weeping and dumping of liquid
Increases due to liquid entrainment
Increases due to foaming

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