Mass Transfer
Channelling is most severe

In towers packed with stacked packing
In dumped packing of regular units
At very high liquid flow rate
In towers packed randomly with crushed solids

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Mass Transfer
Solvent extraction is the terminology applied to the liquid-liquid extraction, which is preferred for the separation of the components of liquids, when

One of the liquid components has very high affinity towards the solvent
Extracting solvent is cheaply & abundantly available
One of the liquid components is heat sensitive
Viscosity of liquid components is very high

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Mass Transfer
The relation among various mass transfer co-efficients (M.T.C) for ideal gases is given by (where, Kc & Km are M.T.C. for equimolar counter diffusion with concentration & mole fraction respectively as the driving force. and, Kp = M.T.C. for diffusion of a gas through a stagnant inert gas with pressure as driving force.)

None of these
Kc = Kp = Km
Kc = Kp/RT = Km . RT/P
Kc = Kp . RT = Km . RT/p

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