Surveying
If α, H, A and δ be the altitude, hour angle, azimuth and declination of a circumpolar star at its elongation, in latitude λ, the following relation holds good

All listed here
sin α = sin λ/sin δ
cos H = tan λ/tan δ
sin A = cos δ/cos λ

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Surveying
Accidental errors

Do not follow any definite mathematical law
Are generally small
Cannot be removed by applying corrections to the observed values
All of these

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