Surveying
If E is the spherical excess and R the radius of the earth, the surface area of the triangle, is

πR²E/360°
πR²E/270°
πR²E/180°
πR²E/90°

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Surveying
If the lower clamp screw is tightened and upper clamp screw is loosened, the theodolite may be rotated

on its outer spindle without a relative motion between the vernier and gra-duated scale of lower plate
on its inner spindle without a relative motion between the vernier and the graduated scale of lower plate
on its inner spindle with a relative motion between the vernier and the graduated scale of lower plate
on its outer spindle with a relative motion between the vernier and graduated scale of lower plate

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Surveying
Circumpolar stars

Remain always above the horizon
Rotate round the North Pole
Are seldom seen near the pole star
Rotate round the celestial pole

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