Surveying
If E is the spherical excess and R the radius of the earth, the surface area of the triangle, is

πR²E/270°
πR²E/90°
πR²E/180°
πR²E/360°

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Surveying
Accidental errors

Are generally small
Cannot be removed by applying corrections to the observed values
All of these
Do not follow any definite mathematical law

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Surveying
If altitude bubble is provided both on index frame as well as on telescope of a theodolite, then the instrument is levelled with reference toi) altitude bubble on index frameii) altitude bubble on index frame if it is to be used as a leveliii) altitude bubble on telescopeiv) altitude bubble on telescope if it is to be used as a level The correct answer is

both (ii) and (iii)
both (i) and (iv)
only (i)
only (iii)

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