Surveying
If E is the spherical excess and R the radius of the earth, the surface area of the triangle, is

πR²E/180°
πR²E/360°
πR²E/270°
πR²E/90°

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Surveying
A ’level line’ is a

line passing through the center of cross hairs and the center of eye piece
horizontal line
line passing through the objective lens and the eye-piece of a dumpy or tilting level
line parallel to the mean spheriodal surface of earth

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