Surveying
If the length of a chain is found to be short on testing, it can be adjusted by

All of these
straightening the links
removing one or more small circular rings
closing the joints of the rings if opened out

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Surveying
Normal tension is that pull which

is used at the time of standardising the tape
neutralizes the effect due to pull and sag
makes the correction due to pull equal to zero
makes the correction due to sag equal to zero

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Surveying
Bowditch rule is applied to

None of these
a closed traverse for adjustment of closing error
an open traverse for graphical adjustment
determine the effect of local attraction

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