Heat Transfer
With increase in porosity, the thermal conductivity of a solid substance

May increase or decrease; depends on the solid
Decreases
Remains unchanged
Increases

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Heat Transfer
In a gas-liquid shell and tube heat exchanger, the

Presence of a non-condensible gas decreases the condensing film co-efficient
All of these
Gases under high pressure are routed through the tube side, because high pressure gases are corrosive in nature
Gases to be heated/cooled is normally routed through the shell side, because the corrosion caused by the cooling water or steam condensate remain localised to the tubes

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Heat Transfer
The advantage of backward feed multiple effect evaporators over forward feed units is that

There is no additional cost of pumping
Equal heat transfer co-efficients exist in various effects
Heat sensitive material can be handled
Most concentrated liquid is at highest temperature

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