Theory of Machine
The velocity of piston in a reciprocating steam engine is given by (where ω = Angular velocity of crank, r = Radius of crank pin circle, θ = Angle turned by crank from inner dead center, and n = Ratio of length of connecting rod to the radius of crank)

ωr [cos θ + (cos 2θ/n)]
ω²r [cos θ + (cos 2θ/n)]
ωr [sin θ + (sin 2θ/n)]
ω²r [sin θ + (sin 2θ/n)]

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Theory of Machine
In elliptical trammels

One pair turning and three pairs sliding
Two pairs turning and two pairs sliding
Three pairs turning and one pair sliding
All four pairs are turning

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