Furnace Technology
Which is not accomplished in an underfired furnace?

Increase in heating capacity/m² of floor space
Reduction in the temperature of furnace gases
Portection of the periphery of the charge from excessive radiation
Elimination of cold spot at the bottom of the charge

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Furnace Technology
In practical operation of any furnace, zero oxygen percentage or theoretical CO₂ percentage in flue gas is rarely achieved, because of

Use of excessive positive draft in the furnace
Use of pulverised solid fuels
Imperfect mixing of fuel & air and infiltration of air
Use of non-preheated combustion air

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