Theory of Machine
When the two elements of a pair have a surface contact when relative motion takes place and the surface of one element slides over the surface of the other, the pair formed is known as a

Self-closed pair
Force-closed pair
Higher pair
Lower pair

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Theory of Machine
The primary unbalanced force due to inertia of reciprocating parts in a reciprocating engine is given by (where m = Mass of reciprocating parts, ω = Angular speed of crank, r = Radius of crank, θ = Angle of inclination of crank with the line of stroke, and n = Ratio of the length of connecting rod to radius of crank)

m.ω².r cosθ
m.ω².r (cos 2θ/n)
m.ω².r (sin 2θ/n)
m.ω².r sinθ

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