Theory of Machine
When the addenda on pinion and wheel is such that the path of approach and path of recess are half of their maximum possible values, then the length of the path of contact is given by (where r = Pitch circle radius of pinion, R = Pitch circle radius of wheel, and φ = Pressure angle)

[(r² + R²) sinφ]/2
[(r² + R²) cosφ]/2
[(r + R) cosφ]/2
[(r + R) sinφ]/2

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Theory of Machine
The maximum fluctuation of energy is the

Sum of the maximum and minimum energies
Ratio of the mean resisting torque to the work-done per cycle
Difference between the maximum and minimum energies
Variations of energy above and below the mean resisting torque line

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