Machine Design
When a shaft is subjected to combined twisting moment (T) and bending moment (M), then the equivalent twisting moment is equal to

(1/2) × √(M² + T²)
√(M² + T²)
(1/2) × [M + √(M² + T²)]
M + √(M² + T²)

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Machine Design
The ends of the leaves of a semi-elliptical leaf spring are made triangular in order to

Have variable bending moment (M) in each leaf
Permit each leaf to act as an overhanging beam
Obtain variable moment of inertia (I) in each leaf
Make M/I constant throughout the length of the leaf

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