Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
When a liquid is flowing through a pipe, the velocity of the liquid is

Zero at the centre and maximum near the walls
Maximum at the centre and zero near the walls
Maximum at the centre and minimum near the walls
Minimum at the centre and maximum near the walls

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Mach number is significant in

simultaneous motion through two fluids where there is a surface of dis-continuity, gravity force, and wave making effects, as with ship’s hulls
all of fhe above
full immersion or completely enclosed flow, as with pipes, aircraft wings, nozzles etc
supersonics, as with projectiles and jet propulsion

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Coefficient of contraction is the ratio of

Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice
Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice
Area of jet at vena-contracta to the area of orifice
Actual velocity of jet at vena contracta to the theoretical velocity

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