Soil Mechanics and Foundation
The major principal stress in an element of cohesion-less soil within the backfill of a retaining wall is

Vertical if the soil is in a passive state of plastic equilibrium
Inclined at 45° to the vertical plane
None of these
Vertical if the soil is in an active state of plastic equilibrium

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Soil Mechanics and Foundation
If the material of the base of the Casagrande liquid limit device on which the cup containing soil paste drops is softer than the standard hard rubber, then

The liquid limit of soil may increase
The liquid limit of soil always decreases
The liquid limit of soil always increases
The liquid limit of soil may decrease

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