Process Equipment and Plant Design
The wall thickness for a large high pressure pipeline is determined by the consideration of the

Axial tensile stress in the pipe
Forces exerted by static and dynamic action at bends
Circumferential pipewall tension
Temperature stresses

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to shell and tube heat exchanger.

Clearance between shell & baffles and between tube & baffles should be minimum to avoid by-passing of the fluid, but it should be enough to permit the removal of tube bundle
Baffles are supported independently of the tubes by tie rods and positioned by spacers
Tie rods are fixed at one end in the tube sheet by making blind holes and the minimum number of tie rods is 4 with at least 10 mm diameter
Bracket supports are used for horizontal shell, while saddle support is used for vertical shell

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