Process Equipment and Plant Design
The wall thickness for a large high pressure pipeline is determined by the consideration of the

Temperature stresses
Forces exerted by static and dynamic action at bends
Circumferential pipewall tension
Axial tensile stress in the pipe

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Pick out the wrong statement pertaining to the design of the bubble cap tray of a distillation column to give stable operation and even vapour distribution.

The dimensionless ratio of liquid gradient to pressure drop head caused by the bubble cap assembly should be less than 0.4
The pressure drop due to the caps & slots and the static submergence should be as high as practicable for reasonable operation
None of these
Tendency towards stable operation is increased by increasing the skirt clearance of the caps, lowering the rate of liquid flow per unit plate width or increasing the spacing between the caps

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