Theory of Machine
The tractive force in a locomotive with two cylinders is given by (where c = Fraction of reciprocating parts per cylinder, m = Mass of reciprocating parts, ω = Angular speed of crank, r = Radius of crank, and θ = Angle of inclination of crank to the line of stroke)

m.ω².r cosθ
m.ω².r sinθ
m.ω².r (cosθ - sinθ)
(1 - c).m.ω².r (cosθ - sinθ)

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Theory of Machine
In a mechanism, the fixed instantaneous centers are those centers which

Remain in the same place for all configurations of the mechanism
None of the listed here
Vary with the configuration of the mechanism
Moves as the mechanism moves, but joints are of permanent nature

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