Surveying
The scale of a vertical photograph of focal length ‘f’ taken from height of ‘H’ metres above M.S.L., at a point of reduced level ‘h’, is

f/(H + h)
(H - h)/f
f/H
f/(H - h)

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Surveying
If the lower clamp screw is tightened and upper clamp screw is loosened, the theodolite may be rotated

on its inner spindle without a relative motion between the vernier and the graduated scale of lower plate
on its inner spindle with a relative motion between the vernier and the graduated scale of lower plate
on its outer spindle without a relative motion between the vernier and gra-duated scale of lower plate
on its outer spindle with a relative motion between the vernier and graduated scale of lower plate

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