Process Equipment and Plant Design
The most common standard size of bubble caps used in industrial operation is

6" dia cap with 4" dia riser
8" dia cap with 1" dia riser
1" dia cap with 0.5" dia riser
4" dia cap with 8" dia riser

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Process Equipment and Plant Design
Seamless pipe is made

By forging a solid round, piercing it by simultaneously rotating & forcing it over a piercer point and further reducing it by rolling gas drawing
From rolled strips formed into cylinders and seam-welded
Both B and C
By extrusion & casting into static and centrifugal molds

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