Surveying
The length of a parallel of λ latitude between two meridians is equal to difference in longitudes multiplied by

cot λ
cos λ
tan λ
sin λ

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Surveying
The rise and fall method

is less accurate than height of instrument method
provides a check on the reduction of intermediate point levels
quicker and less tedious for large number of intermediate sights
is not suitable for levelling with tilting levels

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