Surveying
If the staff is not held vertical at a level¬ling station, the reduced level calculated from the observation would be

more than true R.L.
true R.L.
None of these
less than true R.L.

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Surveying
The error due to eccentricity of inner and outer axes can be eliminated by

taking mean of several readings distributed over different portions of the graduated circle
double sighting
taking both face observations and taking the mean of the two
reading both verniers and taking the mean of the two

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Surveying
Bowditch rule is applied to

an open traverse for graphical adjustment
a closed traverse for adjustment of closing error
None of these
determine the effect of local attraction

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