Surveying
The latitude (λ) of a place and the altitude (α) of the pole are related by

λ = 180° - α
λ = 90° - α
λ = α - 90°
λ = α

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Surveying
Which of the following errors cannot be eliminated by taking both face observations ?

None of these
error due to non-parallelism of the axis of telescope level and line of collimation
error due to horizontal axis not being perpendicular to the vertical axis
index error i.e. error due to imperfect adjustment of the vertical circle vernier

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Surveying
For mapping any country

Primary triangles are broken down into secondary triangles of somewhat lesser accuracy
Secondary triangles are further broken into third and fourth order triangles, the points of which are used for detail surveys
Geodetic triangulation of greatest possible sides and accuracy is carried out
All listed here

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