Surveying
The foot of the perpendicular on the picture plane through the optical centre of the camera lens, is known as

Isocenter
Principal point
Perspective centre
Plumb line

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Surveying
The rise and fall method

is less accurate than height of instrument method
quicker and less tedious for large number of intermediate sights
is not suitable for levelling with tilting levels
provides a check on the reduction of intermediate point levels

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Surveying
In the prismatic compass

the magnetic needle and graduated circle do not move with the box
the line of the sight does not move with the box
the graduated circle is fixed to the box and the magnetic needle always remains in the N-S direction
the magnetic needle moves with the box

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