Manufacturing And Production Technology
The facing is an operation of

Reducing the diameter of a workpiece over a very narrow surface
Embossing a diamond shaped pattern on the surface of a workpiece
Machining the ends of a workpiece to produce a flat surface square with the axis
Beveling the extreme end of a workpiece

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Manufacturing And Production Technology
In determining the various forces on the chip, Merchant assumed that the

All of these
Cutting edge of the tool is sharp and it does not make any flank contact with the workpiece
Only continuous chip without built-up-edge is produced
Cutting velocity remains constant

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