Power Systems
The equation of area control error(ACE) is

 ACE = ΔPtie - b.Δf
 ACE = ΔPtie + b.Δf
 ACE = ΔPtie +1/ b.Δf
 ACE = ΔPtie - 1/b.Δf

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Power Systems
In a biased differential relay the bias is defined as the ratio of

  number of turns of restraining and operating coil.
  fault current and operating coil current.
  fault current and restraining coil current.
  operating coil current and restraining coil current.

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