Machine Design
The circumferential and longitudinal strains in a cylindrical boiler under internal steam pressure are εc and εl respectively. The change in volume of the boiler cylinder per unit volume will be

εc + 2εl
2εc + εl
εc² + εl
εc + εl²

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Machine Design
Jam nut is a locking device in which

One smaller nut is tightened over main nut and main nut tightened against smaller one by loosening, creating friction jamming
A slot is cut partly in middle of nut and then slot reduced by tightening a screw
A hard fibre or nylon cotter is recessed in the nut and becomes threaded as the nut is screwed on the bolt causing a tight grip
Through slots are made at top and a cotter pin is passed through these and a hole in the bolt, and cotter spitted and bent in reverse direction at other end

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