Machine Design
The circumferential and longitudinal strains in a cylindrical boiler under internal steam pressure are εc and εl respectively. The change in volume of the boiler cylinder per unit volume will be

εc + 2εl
2εc + εl
εc² + εl
εc + εl²

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Machine Design
The flank of the tooth is the

Surface of the tooth below the pitch surface
Surface of the tooth above the pitch surface
Width of the tooth measured along the pitch circle
Surface of the top of the tooth

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