Machine Design
The circumferential and longitudinal strains in a cylindrical boiler under internal steam pressure are εc and εl respectively. The change in volume of the boiler cylinder per unit volume will be

εc² + εl
2εc + εl
εc + εl²
εc + 2εl

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Machine Design
Coaxing is the procedure of increasing

Metal hardness by surface treatment
Metal strength by cycling
Fatigue limit by over-stressing the metal by successively increasing loadings
Metal resistance to corrosion by coating

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