Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The function of guide vanes in a reaction turbine is to

Allow the water to enter the runner without shock
Allow the water to flow over them, without forming eddies
All of the listed here
Allow the required quantity of water to enter the turbine

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
The discharge through a large rectangular orifice is given by (where H1 = Height of the liquid above the top of the orifice, H2 = Height of the liquid above the bottom of the orifice, b = Breadth of the orifice, and Cd = Coefficient of discharge)

Q = (2/3) Cd × b × √(2g) × (H21/2 - H11/2)
Q = (2/3) Cd × b × √(2g) × (H2 - H1)
Q = (2/3) Cd × b × √(2g) × (H22 - H12)
Q = (2/3) Cd × b × √(2g) × (H23/2 - H13/2)

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