Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Reciprocating pumps are no more to be seen in industrial applications (in comparison to centrifugal pumps) because of

Lower discharge
Necessity of air vessel
Lower speed of operation
High initial and maintenance cost

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
Coefficient of contraction is the ratio of

Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice
Actual velocity of jet at vena contracta to the theoretical velocity
Loss of head in the orifice to the head of water available at the exit of the orifice
Area of jet at vena-contracta to the area of orifice

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Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics in ME
In a forced vortex motion, the velocity of flow is

inversely proportional to its radial distance from the axis of rotation
directly proportional to its radial distance from axis of rotation
directly proportional to the square of its radial distance from the axis of rotation
inversely proportional to the square of its radial distance from the axis of rotation

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